Strateji | 1.21.5 | 94.61M

Strateji | 0.9 | by Identive | 62.00M

Strateji | 1.2.27 | 689.04M

Strateji | 1.8.7 | by meria2 | 60.00M

Strateji | 1.7 | by Game View Productions | 58.00M

Strateji | 16.137.13 | by Supercell | 170.47M

Strateji | 1.4 | by Socket Apps | 40.00M

Strateji | 1.2.0 | 73.00M

Strateji | 1.5 | by DUMVGAMES | 23.14M

Strateji | v1.483.0 | by Topwar Studio | 1676.64M